Blockchain
Public Report – Penumbra Labs R1CS Implementation Review
In July 2023 Penumbra Labs engaged NCC Group’s Cryptography Services team to perform an implementation review of their Rank-1 Constraint System (R1CS) code and the associated zero-knowledge proofs within the Penumbra system. These proofs are built upon decaf377 and poseidon377, which have been previously audited by NCC Group, with a…
Public Report – Zcash Zebra Security Assessment
In Spring 2023, the Zcash Foundation engaged NCC Group to conduct a security assessment of the Zebrad application. Zebrad is a network client that participates in the Zcash consensus mechanism by validating blocks, maintaining the blockchain state (best chain and viable non-finalized chains), and gossiping blocks, transactions, and peer addresses.…
A Brief Review of Bitcoin Locking Scripts and Ordinals
This article is an attempt at cataloging all the types of bitcoin transaction locking scripts, their prevalence and their security implications. The data presented in this article was lifted directly from the bitcoin blockchain, which required custom code to quickly iterate over the entire blockchain (over 450 GB at the…